12 Steps Programs - Help or Hinder Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

12 Steps Programs - Help or Hinder - Essay Example The smell of good, solid espresso competed with the fragrance of some costly scents, however the tobacco won. I was shocked at the blend of individuals, there a man dressed in denim, here a perfectly fit businessperson of middle age. Three more seasoned ladies had put themselves in neighboring seats, their non-verbal communication flagging help and sisterhood. Originator chic and second hand store frump, all appeared to have deserted one compulsion and were presently urgently seeking after another, nicotine. Aside from one little, dumpy lady, anxiously cleaning, supplanting, at that point cleaning once more, her colored eyeglasses, and a thin person with enormous ears, which he continued pulling at.What followed was terrible to watch. The little lady stood up, shook and stammered and uncovered her heart, life and soul in difficult, awful trustworthiness to these total outsiders. She had quite recently made Stride 1. Everyone commended, a few moved toward her and embraced her. She was crying and grinning simultaneously, however did not shake anymore or jerked with nerves, she appeared to be increasingly quiet, as though soothed of a major weight. It was clear she felt good, esteemed and a piece of things. Poor John could just murmur his name, balancing his head as he marked himself a heavy drinker, at that point crumbling in attacks his chair.individual impression of Him, would improve everything.

Development of Legal Protection in EU Courts Dissertation

Improvement of Legal Protection in EU Courts - Dissertation Example Each settled legal framework offers an instrument for testing the authenticity of the measures embraced by its separate establishments. In the European Union legal framework, given the majority rule shortfall just as the limited administrative elements of the European Parliament, it is of the quintessence that a framework be made to control the activities, choices or benefits delighted in by the European Union organizations. For this situation, the crucial position rests with the European Union Court of Justice, which is considered as a free establishment accused of protecting the standard of law inside the Union (Albors-Llorens, 1996).Before the Treaty of Lisbon carried revisions to the European Union, the significant technique in case of legal survey was accommodated in Article 230 EC Treaty, which gave non-special candidates the option to straightforwardly challenge the outlandish demonstrations of the Union’s organizations, for example, the European Parliament, the Commiss ion, the Council and the European Union Central Bank. Theoretically, this past system remained as the standard legal survey instrument that was available to people. Notwithstanding, in all actuality, the chance has been constrained given its prohibitive prerequisites on the issue of standing conditions for invalidation and the severe understanding of the necessities of individual worry that was received by the Court in the Plaumann case (Albors-Llorens, 2003), (Note 1). This implies these conceivable outcomes have been prohibitive given the idea of the requirements.... This implies these conceivable outcomes have been prohibitive given the idea of the necessities on the locus standi conditions, which are severe. Once more, theoretically, they ought to be the essential channel for people to look for while inspecting the EU measures (Parfouru, 2007). The prohibitive idea of the activity for invalidation just as its exacting understanding by the Court mean a key obstacle to access by the non-favored candidates to the Court in opposition to the advantaged position delighted in by the Member States and the EU organizations. This off-putting approach has been at the focal point of debate and has been emphatically scrutinized by individuals from the legal executive and researchers (Note 2). For example, the foes of the framework have tested the methodology asserting it damages the rule of compelling legal assurance (Gormley, 2006). As indicated by them, such prohibitive methodology is awful as it prompts refusal of equity. This condition is conflicting wi th the regular established qualities, remembering the European Convention for Human Rights and Charter of Fundamental Rights, the two of which the EU is based. The activity for dissolution, as accommodated by Article 263 TFEU, is at the point of convergence of the EU legal framework. Its birthplace can be followed in the abrogation procedures against the unlawful managerial activity as alluded as by the Member States’ legitimate framework. The Article permits non-advantaged candidates, who may involve any common or lawful individual, to straightforwardly challenge the illicit measures. This outcomes from the immediate impact, which the EU has with respect to normal and lawful people just as the Member States. Further, the prohibitive locus standi to bring an activity for dissolution is one of

Stayin Classy

Stayin’ Classy Its been 13 days since the school year began, and already, many of us are gasping for a break. Theres a definite pick-up in the amount of work compared to freshman year; sadly, this heavier workload is coupled with a painful lack of time. My friends Facebook status currently reads as follows: I agree. Completely. This semester, Im taking five classes: (1) 5.13 Organic Chemistry II: Im one of those weirdos that actually likes organic chemistry and not just because I like drawing little arrows and dots all over my notes. Honestly, orgo, while time-consuming, makes sense to me. I come up with little stories in my head about ammonia attacking carbonyls and bromine ions eloping away with stray hydrogens. There have been some pretty epic molecular wars that take place in my 70-page spiral notebook. My 5.13 TA apparently does this whole atomic role-playing thing too which is good because it makes me seem a bit more normal :) (2) 5.310 Chem Lab: I made ferrocene last week! I actually felt really good about it. Until one of my Erlenmeyer flasks decided to jump out of its clasp and break, at which point I was sad and felt like a failed scientist. At least the flask was empty, though (3) 9.01 Intro to Neuroscience: I took a look at the first problem set, noticed that it looked too much like an 8.02 (Electricity and Magnetism) PSET, and decided that I didnt like this class. Once I actually did this PSET, I decided that it wasnt so bad after all. 9.01 has been a humbling experience so far; apparently, I dont know as much about the brain as I thought I did. (4) 9.20 Animal Behavior: Before this class, Id never really thought about gulls or tigers or stickleback fish and heck, I didnt even know what a drongo was. The readings in this class are incredibly interesting, and my favorite is by Konrad Lorenz on the behavior of jackdaws. I know that sounds dry, (if youd told me a few weeks ago that Id be thrilled by a jackdaw article, I probably would have laughed at you and walked away), but seriously, go read Chapter 11 of King Solomons Ring. Fascinating stuff. (5) 9.85 Infant and Childhood Cognition: This is easily my favorite class this semester. Every single powerpoint shown in class contains pictures of adorable young children, and the professor is so enthusiastic and lively that I cant help but get excited about the subject material. This class focuses on developing the basic skills of a researcher: coming up with experiments, carrying out peer reviews, working in groups, and presenting posters to diverse audiences. Awesome prof + babies + research skizzles = love. Aside from going to class, Ive been trying to rack up some hours working on the MIT ambulance, getting some extra driving experience and brushing up on all the EMS stuff Ive managed to forget over the summer. Im also waiting on my UROP paperwork to go through, so I can start working in a lab at the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary. It should be a lot of fun :) Luckily, sophomore years not all work and sleep loss. A couple of my friends and I hang out for a short time every evening, and Friday nights are spent playing soccer. Last Fridays soccer rendezvous was kind of embarrassing: we were taking a break in between games, and the goal was entirely open. Being much too confident of my meager soccer prowess, I yelled, Hey, guys! Watch this! And then proceeded to miss the goal completely. Good times, good times.

Agriculture in the Caribbean - 7544 Words

TABLE OF CONTENTS ROLE AND IMPORTANCE OF AGRICULTURE IN THE CARIBBEAN Foreign exchange Contribution to GDP/GNP Food security Employment Environmental management CONSTRAINTS AFFECTING CARIBBEAN AGRICULTURE Climate Topography Appropriate Technology Rural Infrastructure Land Tenure and Fragmentation Credit Facilities Marketing Facilities Extension Services Praedial Larceny CLASSIFICATION OF CARIBBEAN FARMS Distinguishing Features of Farmers (According to Size) Large Farms Medium Sized Farms Small Farms Distinguishing Features of Farms (According to Produce) Crops Farm Livestock†¦show more content†¦Down streams industries, such as food processing, generally use agricultural products as raw materials to produce value added products or manufacture new products. Supermarkets, financial institutions and businesses benefit from the earnings of individuals involved in agriculture. Environmental management Through agricultural activities man interacts with the environment. The effects of this interaction may be positive or negative. Since agriculture depends on the natural resources, the goal of all persons who benefit directly and in directly from agriculture should be to promote the use of agricultural practices that are environmentally friendly. CONSTRAINTS AFFECTING CARIBBEAN AGRICULTURE Climate The major areas of consideration are: temperature and rainfall. The climate of the Caribbean is the tropical marine climate; therefore it is warm and moist. The combination of warmth and moisture create ideal conditions for many pests and diseases that affect both crops and livestock. Also, the high temperatures make it more difficult to successfully rear some breeds of livestock in the Caribbean, especially those which originate in temperate areas such as Europe. Topography Topography refers to the relief or the shape of the land. The topography of most Caribbean islands is hilly in the interior with most of the flat land near the coast. 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Speech On Lady Felon Has Made Mistakes - 1143 Words

Lady Felon has Made Mistakes but Trying to move Forward Lady Felon has Made Mistakes but Trying to move Forward Dear Mr. Mayo, This letter is finding it s way to you today because thru out this journey I ve been venturing alone I fortunately asked Google the right question, browsed the Internet tapping in the direction to find you, or possibly just a higher power. Whatever it was that has lead me to this path I m taking my opportunity to finally find someone who can guide me in the direction I needed to be in months possibly years ago. My name is Kandy, I am as of 01/06/2015 convicted felon Ãâ€"7, I by the grace of God was fortunate enough to be blessed to keep my nursing license. Yes, I am a licensed practical nurse 10 years, 11†¦show more content†¦I believe strongly in working as a team, doing whatever it takes to get the job done, I m humble and learn quickly, if I don t know something I ll bust my tail to figure it out, compassionate, silly, friendly, outgoing, energetic, intelligent, professional. 100% adult /woman enough to admit that I admit only naming my hood qualities but know that I have many bad as does the rest of the human race, but I conduct myself in a respectful professional manner. I know there s a time and an place for everything and can admit when I m wrong, as well as right my wrongs proudly. Lastly I m genuinely a good person that made mistakes, who s life got the best of for a minute, but I am sober 4 years 79 days since 11/01/11. I will help any and everyone I can always have everyday of my life. Before this letter I had been do ashamed and humiliated that I fell off from heart ache, too proud to ask for help, wanted to fix my life quickly quietly before it all came out. However, I m broke and struggling while bringing my children to suffer with me. So my story doesn t end here, this is one step towards my success story no matter the outcome. Your an amazing man to do any of this, from my travels down this path I now have a desire and passion to do what you are doing, to help change things to where a mistake doesn t mean a life sentence no matter what your

Discuss the Narrative Method of Kurt Free Essays

string(57) " true to some extent at some of the points of the novel\." Discuss the Narrative method of Kurt Vonnegut’s Slaughterhouse Five Kurt Vonnegut’s Slaughterhouse Five is a that in no way can be treated as one-dimensional one. It deals with the historical events like the bombing of Dresden, socio-cultural reality of America in the 1960s and the alternative world of Tralfamadorians. Although three different realms are combined, the novel does not present anything that could be perceived as unseen. We will write a custom essay sample on Discuss the Narrative Method of Kurt or any similar topic only for you Order Now Its exceptionality comes from a less explored perspective – the novel’s unique narrative structure. It seems obvious that the text could not have been interpreted with the use of traditional interpretational tools therefore Vonnegut introduced a new method of narration. The main focus of the analysis are several devices Vonnegut uses to create his narration. First of all the story has in fact two narrators not one. In this way the reader sees more clearly that he narration technique is in a way turned upside down. The narrator not necessarily loses his traditional role and still influences the way readers perceive the plot but a slight difference can be noticed. What is more, contrary to the potential assumptions of the reader, Slaughterhouse-Five not entirely breaks out with the convention of an anti-war book. The second issue that needs to be looked upon are the stylistic devices use by the author. Those are: the collage technique, the foreshadowing of some of the events and multitude of repetitions. These tools can be traced in every chapter of the novel. Moreover both of them connect different levels in the plot. The third aspect of the novel is Vonnegut’s attempt to explore the subconscious of the protagonist with the use of Tralfamadorian reality. It might be argued whether the author’s intention was to make the reader believe in alternative world or to present the main character as schizophrenic. By the matter of fact such question is legitimate as the topic of schizophrenia can be easily associated with Billy Pilgrim’s travels in time and space. From the first sentence in the novel the reader becomes aware that it is impossible to state whether the story is true or fictitious. â€Å"All this happened, more or less. † (p. 5) Throughout those words the reader is confronted with is the question of truth. In this way Vonnegut gives the reader a thrill and achieves the effect of reality. On the one hand the reader feels that the story is a fiction on the other however some parts of the story seem to be far too realistic to be artificial. Moreover Vonnegut calls his novel â€Å"a failure. † (p. 14) With this expression he again brings it into question the truthfulness of the reported facts. The question whether the novel tells a real story or is only a successful mystification is left to the reader to answer by himself. The story begins in chapter II. The author introduces the protagonist named Billy Pilgrim who describes his time travels. As the story unfolds the reader gets more details about the alternative world of the Tralfamadorians. The idea of time traveling as well as the utopian life on another planet is, by the matter of fact, just a renewed and transferred to the modern versions of topics introduced to literature centuries earlier by Thomas More or Jonathan Swift. There is however one aspect, which is worth a particular amount of attention – the way the story is presented. Taking into consideration the fact that it is Billy who describes what happened it is odd that every expression, Billy utters, is commented on with the words â€Å"he says†. (p. 20) At first sight this may not seem important but it points to the question of truth. Does Billy travel to remote areas, or does he only say so? Vonnegut asks this question every time he repeats those words. Another device used by the narrator is the foreshadowing of important events. As an example one may look at the following expression: â€Å"Billy sat down in the waiting room. He wasn’t a widower yet. † (p. 4) By foreshadowing some of the important events in the story the author breaks with the concept of time. He deliberately upsets the chronology in the novel. It is visible especially when Vonnegut places the first and the last sentences of the novel next to each other. That procedure forces the reader more focused while reading the novel, more careful in search of full understandi ng. What is more not only the concept of chronology but also tension is rejected in the novel. Vonnegut avoids tension by anticipating some of the events which are connected with a given character, for example: â€Å"His name was Howard W. Campbell, Jr. He would later hang himself while awaiting trial as a war criminal. † (p. 63); Next technique used by Vonnegut repetition of some phrases. The repetitions appear throughout the novel in different contexts. â€Å"I drive my wife away with a breath like mustard gas and roses. † (p. 6) This quotation occurs in the first chapter which describes the genesis of his novel. It is used again in chapter four, when Billy imagines that he can smell somebody’s breath and once again in the war episode when the protagonist describes the bodies: â€Å"rotted and liquefied† and the smell was â€Å"like roses and mustard gas. (p. 105) The smell is a kind of a sign which links the past with the present. The repetitions also join several episodes of the novel in order to make it less chaotic and incoherent and introduce a kind of structure. That in turn makes the novel more coherent and easier to follow. Apart from stylistic devices which Vonnegut, with all his mastery, uses to create the unique atmosphere Slaughterhouse Five turns out to be also a in-depth study of human psyche. The psychological aspect of the book is, however, deftly disguised with the use of alien society of the Tralfamadorians. The symbolic meaning of this alternative reality is in fact more than a symbol, as it becomes true to some extent at some of the points of the novel. You read "Discuss the Narrative Method of Kurt" in category "Essay examples" What is more Billy’s stay also make the reader raises more questions than it would be possible to provide answers to. Who or what are Tralfamadorians? Are they a symbol of an ideal society that is a far cry from the one known and used on Earth? A morality which just like many which preceded it should show us the way? Or maybe the planet exists only in Billy’s imagination and is nothing more than a plaint of a mind tormented by regret, a world existing in Billy’s reality only? It is difficult to state whether Vonnegut wants to impose the expression that Billy is schizophrenic or whether he tries to convince the reader that the Tralfamadorians really exist. It is essential to notice that Vonnegut does use the word schizophrenia from the very beginning of the novel. â€Å"This is a novel somewhat in the telegraphic schizophrenic manner of tales of the planet Tralfamadore, where the flying saucers come from. † (p. ) Ambiguous as it is this statement still points out to the fact that the author’s intention was to mislead the reader a make him believe that schizophrenia might be the key issue, an element that should not be omitted. What is schizophrenia? According to R. D. Laing schizophrenia can be described as: â€Å"a special strategy that a person invents in order to li ve an unlivable situation. † This definition contrary to the strictly medical, that is traditional view seems to focus less on the fact that schizophrenia is a serious mental illness and more on the opportunities a split personality provides. According to this definition the fact that one’s personality can be torn apart because of the negative environment is a understandable defensive reaction. Might it be then a coincidence that the Tralfamadorians themselves might be treated as schizophrenic as they all the time neglect any negative implications in life and exclusively focus on the positive moments. Taking into consideration all the troubles Billy experiences during his lifetime, it seems obvious that Slaughterhouse Five tells a story of a man who can perceive his life as a failure. The protagonist has a negative childhood, marries a woman whom he pities but not love, so he is relieved when he loses her. He experiences much during the war, almost dies in a plane-crash and his children are hard to raise and difficult to love. For those reasons Billy’s life might be described as unlivable. Can one find a better reason to break the identity in half and try to find shelter in the depths of one’s mind? It seems to be a logical consequence for the protagonist. Mental illness perceived as a kind of barrier is also referred to several times in the novel. As an example Rosewater, one of the characters in the novel utters an assumption that life is too heavy a burden to be bearable for some eg. â€Å"Another time Billy heard Rosewater say to the psychiatrist, ‘I think you guys are going to have to come up with a lot of wonderful new lies, or people just aren’t going to want to go on living. ‘† (p. 50) Also one of the descriptions given refers to one of the characteristic feature of schizophrenia – hallucinations – by stating: â€Å" Billy Pilgrim was having a delightful hallucination. He was wearing dry, warm, white sweatsocks, and he was skating on a ballroom floor. Thousands cheered. This wasn’t time-travel. It had never happened, never would happen. It was the craziness of a dying young man with his shoes full of snow. † (p. 26) Again the author uses those expressions not without a reason. With a few sentences he reveals the delicate inside of his character, makes him more approachable as if he felt obliged to provide an explanation to his visions of a better life on another planet. Vonnegut makes even a step further by deriving Billy’s illness from the physical consequences of the plane-crash. Apart from the fact that Billy was the only person which managed to survive still he suffered from severe brain damages. This might have created the perfect mental environment for creating Tralfamadorians. Another device the author uses in narrating is placing information about novels written by Billy’s favorite author Kilgore Trout. The plot of those novels also influenced Billy’s â€Å"time travels† as one of them, entitled The Big Board (p. 105) tells the story of a couple which have being abducted by aliens and shown in a zoo. It is than possible that Billy might have taken this story as a real one and projected the idea on himself. Vonnegut confirms this belief in chapter nine writing: â€Å"So they were trying to reinvent themselves and their universe. Science fiction was a big help. † (p. 50) Nevertheless the mental state of the main character is in no way clear for some parts of the chapter are narrated as if the protagonist experienced the travel: â€Å"Billy was unconscious for two days after that, and he dreamed of millions of things, some of them true. The true things were time-travel. † (p. 7) It seems obvious that the author deliberately makes the reader confused. This assumption can be proved as the narrator makes a clear distinction between time-travel and plain fantasy. However one can also say that â€Å"Vonnegut seems to supply internal evidence for a psychological explanation of Tralfamadore while at the same time denying that evidence with a contradictory narrative statement . † (Harris 235) It can only imply that reading Slaughterhouse-Five, one can suspect that Vonnegut’s intention is far from being interested in accuracy as far as the subdivision between reality and fiction is concerned. Only by such narration technique Vonnegut was able to allow the protagonist to solve the conflicts which thorn him apart, even if the only way to do it was to split his identity by introducing schizophrenia. Slaughterhouse-Five is obviously one of the novels that could not be forgotten for it differs to a large extent from other works from this genre. The author, on purpose, neglects all values and norms. What is more no principles of logic can be applied to the plot. Therefore just like the novel is narrated in a completely new way, it needs also to be read differently in order to fully understand it’s unique utterance. BIBLIOGRAPHY: (1)Kurt Vonnegut. Slaughterhouse-Five. Great Britain, Jonathan Cape Ltd 1970 available in PDF version on: http://chomikuj. pl/Angouleme/e-booki/Kurt+Vonnegut+-+Slaughterhouse-Five,58449367. pdf (2)A quote by R. D. Laing found on: http://www. quoteland. com/topic/Madness-Quotes/538/ (3)Charles B. Harris, â€Å"Time, Uncertainty, and Kurt Vonnegut Jr. : A Reading of Slaughterhouse Five,'† Farmington Hills: Gale Group. October, 2001 Can be viewed at: http://infotrac. galegroup. com/galenet? cause=http%3A%2F%2Fgalenet. galegroup. com%2Fservlet%2FDC%2F%3FfinalAuth%3Dtruecont=sev=temptype=sessionsserv=no How to cite Discuss the Narrative Method of Kurt, Essays

The Catch Of Life Essay Research Paper free essay sample

The Catch Of Life Essay, Research Paper The Catch of Life! Make you cognize of anyone who has had the privilege to follow a kid? My hubby and I were decidedly blessed with that privilege fourteen old ages ago when we adopted our girl, Megan. This weekend, we were asked to take part in the jubilation of a new add-on to our friend? s household. Their girl and son-in-law adopted a seven-year-old male child named Joey and their invitation read ; ? a kid makes love stronger, yearss shorter, darks longer, the place happier, the past forgotten and the hereafter worth populating. ? We were so happy to be a portion of this jubilation. We knew first manus how elated Tom and Linda were in eventually holding a kid and we besides knew what they went through to acquire him. During the twelvemonth and a half of carry throughing all the requirements required to follow through the county, letdowns became about platitude. We will write a custom essay sample on The Catch Of Life Essay Research Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Picking a kid merely to hold him or her adopted out because they had non yet completed their demands was the hardest and most hard letdown. Then came David, everything they had gone through, everything they prepared for was deserving it, they knew deep in their Black Marias David was traveling to be their boy. They had merely had David for a month before their get-together, so for many of us it was the first clip in run intoing him and for him run intoing us. Sing everyone and watching the instant love and fondness for this small male child reminded me of conveying Megan place and how we felt, deliriously happy and relieved! I was believing how fortunate they all were, as we were, non so long ago. Megan, cognizing me really good, figured out why I kept embracing her all twenty-four hours long and accused me of being a pulp pot! Small David was taking it all in, he was holding a ball! He seemed like he? s been at that place everlastingly, I was amazed at how fond he was with people he was seeing for the first clip. There had to hold been over 50 people ( non including the childs ) at that place and he was non intimidated at all. After opening all of his nowadayss, he gave every individual individual there a large clinch and a thank you, ate a immense piece of bar, so off to play with his new household and friends! In sing with our friends we learned about David? s history and how it has affected him. The one thing that stands out is his fright of being abandoned. Even though he is running about holding a great clip, he is ever doing certain Tom and Linda are still at that place. This fright is something both households are determined to slowly erase from Joey? s head. From what I could see the whole household is away to a great start! As we were driving place I asked Megan what she thought of the whole thing and of class she was sort of board, but she said she was happy for both the parents and particularly David. She had besides heard about his yesteryear and felt sorry for him, wishing he had been adopted at birth like she was. When we got home she wanted to travel through her babe book once more, she loves hearing the narratives behind the images and I love stating them. We talked about what was perchance traveling on in David? s small head? . belly laugh is this all for me, am I dreaming, is this truly my new household, is this truly traveling to last everlastingly? The reply would be, yes David this is all for you, this is your new household and it will be everlastingly!

Letting fear fuel you taking risks for great rewards

Letting fear fuel you taking risks for great rewards Terry Barclay, CEO of Inforum–one of the leading professional women’s associations in the country, shares some deceivingly simple advice about taking risks. If you’re dissatisfied with your position and your place, there’s no sense in letting a fear of failure stop you from pursuing new opportunities. [Source: Daily Fuel]

Kublai Khan and the Mongols Invasions of Japan

Kublai Khan and the Mongols' Invasions of Japan The Mongol Invasions of Japan in 1274 and 1281 devastated Japanese resources and power in the region, nearly destroying the samurai culture and Empire of Japan entirely before a typhoon miraculously spared their last stronghold. Although Japan started the war between the two rival empires with hefty troops of honorable samurai, the sheer force and brute strength of their Mongol invaders pushed the noble warriors to their limits, making them question their very code of honor in facing these fierce combatants. The impact of nearly two decades of struggle between their rulers would echo on throughout Japanese history, even through the Second World War and the very culture of modern-day Japan. Precursor to Invasion In 1266, the Mongol ruler  Kublai Khan  paused in his campaign to subdue all of  China, and sent a message to the Emperor of Japan, whom he addressed as the ruler of a small country, and advised the Japanese sovereign to pay him tribute at once- or else. The Khans emissaries returned from Japan without an answer. Five times over the next six years, Kublai Khan sent his messengers; the Japanese  shogun  would not allow them even to land on Honshu, the main island.   In 1271, Kublai Khan defeated the Song Dynasty and declared himself the first emperor of Chinas Yuan Dynasty. A grandson of Genghis Khan, he ruled over much of China plus Mongolia and Korea; meanwhile, his uncles and cousins controlled an empire that stretched from Hungary in the west to the Pacific coast of Siberia in the east. The great khans of the Mongol Empire did not tolerate impudence from their neighbors, and Kublai was quick to demand a strike against  Japan  as early as 1272. However, his counselors advised him to bide his time until a proper armada of warships could be built- 300 to 600, vessels which would be commissioned from the shipyards of southern China and Korea, and an army of some 40,000 men. Against this mighty force, Japan could muster only about 10,000 fighting men from the ranks of the often-squabbling samurai clans. Japans warriors were seriously outmatched. The First Invasion, 1274 From the port of Masan in southern Korea, the Mongols and their subjects launched a step-wise attack on Japan in the autumn of 1274. Hundreds of large ships and an even larger number of small boats- estimated between 500 and 900 in number- set out into the Sea of Japan. First, the invaders seized the islands of Tsushima and Iki about halfway between the tip of the Korean peninsula and the main islands of Japan. Quickly overcoming desperate resistance from the islands approximately 300 Japanese residents, the Mongol troops slaughtered them all and sailed on to the east. On November 18, the Mongol armada reached Hakata Bay, near the present-day city of Fukuoka on the island of Kyushu. Much of our knowledge about the details of this invasion comes from a scroll which was commissioned by the samurai Takezaki Suenaga, who fought against the Mongols in both campaigns. Japan's Military Weaknesses Suenaga relates that the samurai army set out to fight according to their code of bushido; a warrior would step out, announce his name and lineage, and prepare for one-on-one combat with a foe. Unfortunately for the Japanese, the Mongols were not familiar with the code. When a lone samurai stepped forward to challenge them, the Mongols would simply attack him en masse, much like ants swarming a beetle. To make matters worse for the Japanese, the Yuan forces also used poison-tipped arrows, catapult-launched explosive shells, and a shorter bow that was accurate at twice the range of the samurais longbows. In addition, the Mongols fought in units, rather than each man for himself. Drumbeats relayed the orders guiding their precisely coordinated attacks. All of this was new to the samurai- often fatally so. Takezaki Suenaga and the three other warriors from his household were all unhorsed in the fighting, and each sustained serious wounds that day. A late charge by over 100 Japanese reinforcements was all that saved Suenaga and his men. The injured samurai drew back a few miles from the bay for the night, determined to renew their nearly hopeless defense in the morning. As night fell, a driving wind and heavy rain began to lash the coast. Close Call with Domination Unbeknownst to the Japanese defenders, the Chinese and Korean sailors on board Kublai Khans ships were busy persuading the Mongolian generals to let them weigh anchor and head further out to sea. They worried that the strong wind and high surf would drive their ships aground in Hakata Bay. The Mongols relented, and the great Armada sailed out into open waters- straight into the arms of an approaching typhoon. Two days later, a third of the Yuan ships lay on the bottom of the Pacific, and perhaps 13,000 of Kublai Khans soldiers and sailors had drowned. The battered survivors limped home, and Japan was spared the Great Khans dominion- for the time being.  While Kublai Khan sat at his capital in Dadu (modern-day Beijing) and brooded over his fleets misfortunes, the samurai waited for the  bakufu  in Kamakura to reward them for their valor, but that reward never came. Uneasy Peace: The Seven-year Interlude Traditionally, the bakufu gave a land grant to noble warriors at the end of battle so they could relax in times of peace. However, in the case of the invasion, there were no spoils to dole out- the invaders came from outside of  Japan,  and left no booty behind so the  bakufu  had no way to pay the thousands of samurai who had fought to fend off the Mongols. Takezaki Suenaga took the unusual step of traveling for two months to the  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹Kamakura shoguns  court to plead his case in person. Suenaga was rewarded with a prize horse and stewardship of a Kyushu island estate for his pains. Of the estimated 10,000  samurai warriors who fought, only 120 received any reward at all. This did not endear the Kamakura government to the vast majority of the samurai, to say the least. Even as Suenaga was making his case, Kublai Khan sent a six-man delegation to demand that the Japanese emperor  travel  to Dadu and kowtow to him. The Japanese responded by beheading the Chinese diplomats, a terrible infringement of the Mongol law against abusing emissaries. Then Japan prepared for a second attack. The leaders of Kyushu took a census of all available warriors and weaponry. In addition, Kyushus landowning class was given the task of building a defensive wall around Hakata Bay, five to fifteen feet high and 25 miles long. Construction took five years with each landholder responsible for a section of the wall proportional to the size of his estate. Meanwhile, Kublai Khan established a new government division called the Ministry for Conquering Japan. In 1980, the ministry devised plans for a two-pronged attack the following spring, to crush the recalcitrant Japanese once and for all. The Second Invasion, 1281 In the spring of 1281, the Japanese got word that a second Yuan invasion force was coming their way. The waiting samurai sharpened their swords and prayed to Hachiman, the Shinto god of war, but Kublai Khan was determined to smash Japan this time and he knew that his defeat seven years earlier had simply been bad luck, due more to the weather than to any extraordinary fighting prowess of the samurai. With more forewarning of this second attack, Japan was able to muster 40,000 samurai and other fighting men. They assembled behind the defensive wall at Hakata Bay, their eyes trained to the west. The Mongols sent two separate forces this time- an impressive force of 900 ships containing 40,000 Korean, Chinese, and Mongol troops set out from Masan, while an even larger force of 100,000 sailed from southern China in 3,500 ships. The Ministry for Conquering Japans plan called for an overwhelming coordinated attack from the combined imperial Yuan fleets. The Korean fleet reached Hakata Bay on June 23, 1281, but the ships from China were nowhere to be seen. The smaller division of the Yuan army was unable to breach the Japanese defensive wall, so a stationary battle evolved. Samurai weakened their opponents by rowing out to the Mongol ships in small boats under cover of darkness, setting fire to the ships and attacking their troops, and then rowing back to land. These night-time raids demoralized the Mongols conscripts, some of whom had only recently been conquered and had no love for the emperor. A stalemate between the evenly-matched foes lasted for 50 days, as the Korean fleet waited for the expected Chinese reinforcements. On August 12, the Mongols main fleet landed to the west of Hakata Bay. Now faced with a force more than three times as large as their own, the samurai were in serious danger of being overrun and slaughtered. With little hope of  survival- and little thought of reward if they triumphed- the Japanese samurai fought on with desperate bravery. Japan's Miracle They say that truth is stranger than fiction, and in this case, its certainly true. Just when it appeared that the samurai would be exterminated and Japan crushed under the Mongol yoke, an incredible, miraculous event took place. On August 15, 1281, a second typhoon roared ashore at Kyushu. Of the khans 4,400 ships, only a few hundred rode out the towering waves and vicious winds. Nearly all of the invaders drowned in the storm, and those few thousand who made it to shore were hunted and killed without mercy by the samurai with very few returning to tell the tale at Dadu. The Japanese believed that their gods had sent the storms to preserve Japan from the Mongols. They called the two storms  kamikaze, or divine winds. Kublai Khan seemed to agree that Japan was protected by supernatural forces, thus abandoning the idea of conquering the island nation. The Aftermath For the Kamakura  bakufu, however, the outcome was disastrous. Once again the samurai demanded payment for the three months theyd spent warding off the Mongols. In addition, this time the priests who had prayed for divine protection added their own payment demands, citing the typhoons as evidence of the effectiveness of their prayers. The  bakufu  still had little to dispense, and what disposable riches they had  were given to the priests, who held more influence in the capital than the samurai. Suenaga did not even try to seek payment, instead commissioning the scroll where most modern understandings of this period come from as a record of his own accomplishments during both invasions. Dissatisfaction with the Kamakura  bakufu  festered among the ranks of the samurai over the following decades. When a strong emperor, Go-Daigo, rose in 1318 and challenged the authority of the  bakufu, the samurai refused to rally to the military leaders defense. After a complex civil war lasting 15 years, the Kamakura  bakufu  was defeated and the Ashikaga Shogunate assumed power over Japan. The Ashikaga family and all the other samurai passed down the story of the kamikaze, and Japans warriors drew strength and inspiration from the legend for centuries. As late as  World War II  from 1939 to 1945, Japanese imperial troops invoked the kamikaze in their battles against the Allied forces in the Pacific and its story still influences the natures culture to this day.

DEBATE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

DEBATE - Essay Example Tyson 42) Accordingly, the studies do not control do not control for legitimate differences in compensation since qualifications, seniority, merit and business activity related factors are linked to the pay gap between men and women. According to estimates, there is no appreciable difference in men and women’s pay since ‘legitimate’ differences account for the insignificant pay gap. The federal law requires employers to prevent discrimination in their employment activities and provide healthy and safe working environment. For instance, Title VII of the Civil Rights Act 1967 provides for equal opportunities for the minority groups while the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission investigates instances of unequal treatment or discriminatory practices in employment matters (Noe, Hollenbeck, Gerhart, and Wright 66). The Equal Pay Act 1963 requires for equal pay for men and women performing the same jobs while Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978 prohibits discrimination of women on the basis of pregnancy (Noe, Hollenbeck, Gerhart, and Wright 65). According to 2013 statistics, women were paid 78 percent of what men were paid and all the US states experience pay gaps between men and women (Tyson 41). The worst state was Louisiana where women were paid 66 percent of what men were paid. The pay gap is even worse for minority group women since Hispanic women are paid only 54 percent of what men are paid. The women are paid less in both male and female dominated occupations and pay gap is higher for aged women since women aged more than 35 years receive only 75 to 80 percent of what men are paid (Tyson 63). In this case, HR managers must conduct pay audits in order to remedy the pay differentials while women employees must utilize their negotiation skills to attain fair pay. The federal policy makers should consider enacting new legislation that will curb pay gap (Tyson 65). The opponents of pay gap outline that women have surpassed men in college and university

Human Resource Management, Employers and the Management of Labour Essay

Human Resource Management, Employers and the Management of Labour - Essay Example The business environment and the way of working of the industry have been undergoing many alterations since the past few decades. Previously managers were only liable for keeping discipline in an organisation. They even did not have a noteworthy role to play in the process of selection and recruiting. But the scenario has been altering and the role of managers has been observed to totally metamorphose. The fundamental reasons behind this metamorphosis were the increasing consciousness between the workers and the abolition of trade unions to a large extent. The other reason was that the managements were no more inflexible and became increasingly agreeable to causes and also adjustable to the progresses in the technological sector (Dalton, 1950). But in the current era, the organisations have realised the magnitude of their human resources as it is with the help of these resources that increased productivity is attained by an organisation. An important feature which needs to be mentioned is that the supervisors in an organisation are referred to as the management and the employees coming in the category of nonsupervisory level are referred to as the labourers in this paper. Labours require working in teams in organisations and thus it is an obvious fact that there would cause differences between themselves. In such circumstances the interference of management is considered quite necessary so as to resolve the issues and maintaining a good working environment (Dalton, 1950). The purpose of this paper would be to assess the labour problems and the rights of the managers along with the differences in the traditional and contemporary practices. Labour Problem and the Need to Resolve It Disputes among the human resources and the m anagement are a known phenomenon. Disputes among the employees could take place due to various reasons and it is in this context that the managers need to take control of the situation. The managers are the one who are being entrusted with the responsibility of solving the disputes. In this context it is important to understand the reasons of dispute among the employees or the human resources first and then the role and need of the managers. The reason for disputes among the labourers and the management in the industries has been categorised into four key divisions which relates to the economic, managerial, political and other causes (Dalton, 1950). It has been learnt that majority of the industrial differences among the labourers and the management has been owing to economic reasons. The prime economic reason has been the problem of low wage. The wage structure in the industries is generally low and so, it gives rise to some grave complexities for the human resources in terms of me eting up to their basic requirements. The human resources want the pay or the wages to be proportionate to the quantity of work done by them. Such wants takes the form of industrial differences and problems. The want for higher pays has been observed to be the most central reason for problems between the labourers and the management (Michael, 1988). The want for extra pays in the form of bonus has been credited to be the other reason for differences arising out of want for pays. The augmenting cost of survival has been the reason for the labourers to claim and put forward their want for extra remuneration as dearness allowances. The increasing prices has been turning out to be triggering the want for dearness allowances and the un-acceptance of such wants by the labourers give rise to these industrial differences. The workforce of an organisation is considered to be an integral division of the production. The

The History Of The Republican Party Politics Essay

The History Of The Republican Party Politics Essay The political parties that are present in our current governmental institution are made up of the Republican Party the Democratic Party. Each party is passionate in their own beliefs and ideologies, while these beliefs clearly define one party from the other. Regardless of your political affiliation these parties are the basis of how our government is run and how laws are created and passed. The Republican Party was created in the 1850s by the common typical United States citizens. During a time where slavery was dominating American culture and lifestyles this party took a stand against slavery. One of the main principles this party was founded on was the belief in free soil, free labor, free speech, and free men. Many of these founders were people who opposed slavery and everything to do with slavery. One of the most known American presidents and the president known for abolishing slavery was Abraham Lincoln who was in fact a Republican. Elected in 1860 Lincoln abolishes slavery and cements the Republicans ideas, virtues and beliefs into American history while becoming the first Republican President. Another name associated with the Republican Party is the GOP, or Grand Old Party, or what was once used was the gallant old party. The Republicans use a symbol that is commonly seen during elections and other political functions, which is an elephant. The elephant was created in 1874 by the cartoonist Thomas Nast in a political cartoon. The elephant obviously has stuck with the party ever since. The Republican Party played a major role in the abolition of slavery, womens suffrage, and overall equality for all American citizens while maintaining that individuals, not government can make the best decisions, and also the belief in small government and less government influence. Republicans are looked upon as being Conservatives and reside on the right side of the political spectrum or continuum. The main beliefs and views of the Republican Party is a belief in a free market economy, low taxes upon all citizens, the party is opposed to same sex marriages, as well as being against openly gay, lesbian or bisexuals from serving in the military. The Republican Party is adamantly against abortion, they support the death penalty and tougher penalties to be enforced upon criminals, and they are also in favor the Patriot Act and other such laws that allow for more invasion of privacy. The Republican Party is strongly against any type of government run healthcare system and any type of strong or overwhelming amount of government control or inclusion in the lives of American citizens. The Democratic Party is the other strong party in our current political system. It is also regarded as the oldest existing political party in the United States, and also one of the oldest in the world. The Democratic Party which was founded in 1792 by Thomas Jefferson was originally created as a way for citizens to fight against the Federalist Party as well as to fight for the Bill of Rights. In 1800, the Democratic Party nominated and eventually elected Thomas Jefferson for President. He then served as the first Democratic President. Following Jefferson the next few Presidential elections were won by Democrats who helped build and strengthen the United States military, and take America through the War of 1812 victoriously. The party was founded on the principle beliefs of states rights and belief in the constitution and abiding by it. Todays Democrats are looked upon to be liberals and are found on the left side of the political spectrum. The main beliefs and views that the Democrat ic Party hold in high regards are the creation of a healthcare system funded by the government that insures all citizens, they are in support of gay and lesbian citizens including their rights to marry and serve openly in the military. They also do not believe there should be any sort of ban that stops gay or lesbian couples from becoming married. The Democratic Party has strong feelings regarding the environment and the effects that we have upon it. The symbol that is commonly used as a representation of the Democratic Party is the donkey. Also illustrated in Thomas Nasts political cartoon in 1874, the donkey has stuck with the party ever since. Although it is not official the Democrats are also represented by the color blue. In the 2000 Presidential race between George W. Bush and Al Gore, the map used to depict which state was won by what candidate shown blue for the Democrats and red for the Republicans. The Democratic Party has been filled with numerous influential and world changing presidents; however the current President Barack Obama has broken down the wall for minorities and will allow for even greater change in both political parties from small local governments to our national government. The two political party groups can differ vary greatly on certain issues and topics that concern the American people but can also be in agreement on many issues.   The Republican Party for instance believes in regards to National Security that we need a strong, versatile, and adaptive military.   One that is capable of defending the United States against new and unknown threats, as well as keeping pace with the nuclear arms race.   Also a National Security that will defend against terrorists on United States soil as well as foreign soil.   Republicans believe we need a strong, growing and well prepared military to defend the nation at a moments notice.   The Democratic Partys stand on National Security is much the same.   They are aware of the potential threats that are out there for American citizens and the world.   From terrorists in Iraq, Iran, or other foreign countries to terrorists that are currently located near or in the United States, they realize that the mil itary is a needed force to keep all U.S. citizens safe. But the Democratic Party does lean to the side of a small military force and more peace among all nations in the world.   Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another topic that brings about much discussion between the two political parties is the issue regarding energy and alternative fuels.   The use and advancements in nuclear power, cleaner coal practices, wind power, solar power, and hydropower are just a few of the energy uses that the Republican Party advocates for and promotes more spending research to go towards.   Much like the Republican Party the Democratic Party sees great importance in becoming more energy efficient and independent in the future.   They see the benefit of safer and more environmentally friendly fuels and are advocates to more research and development in this area.   Both parties see the potential for millions of jobs to be created from the advancement in alternative fuels and the progressing industry for our independent energy sources.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   However even though many policies and issues both political parties feel in agreement upon there are some issues that the parties are in disagreement over.   One such policy includes the everlasting debate over Healthcare Reform.   The Republicans are adamant about a Healthcare Reform that will benefit people today and in the future, however they are not willing to put billions of taxpayers dollars out to pay for it.   The Republican Party believes that healthcare should not be a government run or heavily influenced entity.   They believe in changes to our current healthcare system that would lower costs for all citizens, making healthcare more affordable and obtainable to the millions of uninsured Americans.   The Republican Party also believes in creating new laws that would help end the tremendous amount of lawsuits being filed against doctors which currently is a major cause for the rising costs of healthcare among patients.   The Democratic Party stance on healthcare is for a total reform.   Ã‚  The Democratic Party believes in a Healthcare system ran and funded by the government that would give healthcare to all American citizens.   Their belief in a healthcare system for all would help promote wellbeing and prevention of future diseases, disorders and health issues, one that would help lessen the gap between what healthcare covers and what it doesnt, as well as promote competition, new technologies, and choice among American citizens and the healthcare field. Other disparities among the Republican Party and the Democratic Party are their beliefs on abortion.   The Republican Party is completely against abortion and is more prolife, while the Democratic Party is in favor of allowing abortion and being more prochoice.   Another policy issue between the two parties is the debate over minimum wage.   Many Democrats are in favor of a higher minimum wage, while Republicans are against a higher minimum wage citing higher costs lead to higher prices for goods and services and higher unemployment.   One major difference between the two political parties that is one of the most evident is their stance on taxes.   The Republican Party which in some instances is more business oriented favors lower taxes for all citizens.   They also in favor of giving tax cuts more often than the Democratic Party does.   The Democratic Party stance on taxes is that they arent a bad thing, and quite often will raise taxes on the American citizens.   Th eir belief in doing so is that the tax money will go to fund different government run assistance groups such as welfare, or any other type of assistance program for people in need.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are many differences and similarities between the Republican and Democratic Party.   In class we were educated about the Reactional Actor Strategy where on the continuum there are very few people in the parties on the extreme end, most are near the middle.   This is true for both political parties because they do have their differences, however they are so alike.   Their main goal is to better the American people, but they have their own plan for doing so.   This plan can be different for each political party but it is still a plan to benefit us as citizens.   Each party is striving to reach the middle on the bell curve presented to us.   By doing so they are incorporating ideas and views from the other political party whether they are aware of it or not.   They are attempting to reach the middle area to obtain the most votes.   I believe the parties are more alike they what people say or think they are.   Th ere are some major differences between the parties that make them distinguishable from one another but they all in one way believe in a new Healthcare system, they believe in a National Defense, they believe in educating our younger generations, and they all do believe in becoming more environmentally friendly, fuel efficient, and energy independent.   They are two separate parties, separated by different ideas and beliefs about policies and issues within the U.S. however they are not separated by that much and have more in common with each other then they lead us as American citizens to believe.

Holmes

Herman Webster Midget was the first American serial killer the terrorized Chicago in the late sass's, yet he was a slave to his own mind and his own disorders. Herman, who Is also famous as H. H. Holmes had two personality disorders that drove him to commit the actions that he committed. Evidence shows that Holmes had personality disorders Like narcissistic personality disorder and antisocial personality disorder. H. H Holmes shows signs of antisocial personality disorder in many ways. To begin with, Midget started at an early age torturing animals (CNN).He used to be afraid of actors but one day he had an experience with a skeleton and after that he was changed forever. Also in his famous castle there was remains of bodies in the basement with pure evidence of torture. It is evident that Dry. Holmes tortured these young women with no evidence of any remorse. (How Stuff Works). Dry. Holmes himself that he was slowly and slowly turning into the devil since he didn't feel any remorse o r anything of such towards his victims (H. H. Holmes; Master of Illusion, chapter 17).The treatment for antisocial personality disorder Is very tricky but usually most actors use operant conditioning-rewarding the good actions and punishing the Illegal ones-(Notational Library of Medicine). Of course such treatment was not present In the time of Dry. Holmes so he had no way of getting help. Another personality disorder Dry. Holmes had was narcissistic personality disorder. Narcissistic personality disorder is when a person has an inflated self image and inflated goals that he will stop at nothing to achieve them.This was the case with Midget, as a matter of fact, Herman killed his con-partner in order to perfect a con on an insurance company to get some extra money. H. H. Holmes; Master of Illusion, chapter 3). Having shown that he doesn't really care about his friend or anyone he supposedly had an emotional attachment with, he proved that he has narcissistic personality disorder. T his might be caused by his father's beating to him and his abuse. The only way to truly treat that Is through talk therapy so he can try to form deeper connections with people he should be familiar Walt(Notational Library of Medicine).Again, this kind of treatment wasn't available in the time of Dry. H. H. Holmes so he had no opportunity to seek help. Some people might argue that Dry. Midget had a form of fetishism paraphernalia since he picked out his victims to be young blonde women. Thyrotrophic, or attraction you hair could have been the reason for his choice of victims (Right Diagnosis). The treatments of this include psychoanalysis, hypnosis, behavior therapy, cognitive therapy, drug therapy(Relight Diagnosis). It's very unclear whether he had this disorder or not. All In all Dry. H H Holmes had a lot of personality disorders that led him to become the monster he was.

Essay about Science in the Latter Medieval Period

The medieval period was rife with scientific discovery; from psychological to philosophical and medicinal to mathematical, the middle ages proved to cultivate and ultimately perpetuate ideas in copious numbers. The basis for medieval science, however, maintained its fundamental foundation within earlier teachings; with this knowledge, scientific minds of the middle ages were infinitely more able to apply their particular understanding. Indeed, scientific discovery is what the fundamental essence of life is based upon; without Aristotles initial quest into the notion of logic, contemporary society would know nothing of the extraordinary influence science has had upon human existence ever since. The elements of deductive mathematics were†¦show more content†¦This seemingly innocuous scientific instrument would prove to make a significant impression upon the manner by which people could harvest energy. For the most part, renewable sources such as solar and wind are consider ed free reservoirs of energy, inasmuch as there is no cost associated with such sources. The Crusades, which lasted from roughly 1095 to 1291, were highly influential with regard to these scientific changes. Their contributions are noted in any number of ways, which are easily detected merely by interpreting the number of methodical examinations that were prevalent during that period. There existed a certain political correctness that was associated with the manner in which the Crusades influenced -- and even represented -- the scientific discoveries that followed their lead. To be sure, the Crusades afforded a considerably elevated level of civilized culture as it pertained to science, in that it introduced a significantly different yet similar appeal to contemporary society. In forming this new and modern era, the Crusades helped to shape the way people perceived science. Such influence was largely responsible for a variety of ideals and concepts that had otherwise never before been considered. Indeed, there were a number of changes occurring at that time, not only in science but also with regard to art, literature, politics, industry and technology. It was a period of rebirth where all things old and predictableShow MoreRelatedThe Main Controversies of Medieval Thought in the 12th and 13th Centuries1050 Words   |  5 PagesThe Main Controversies of Medieval Thought in the 12th and 13th Centuries The twelfth and thirteenth centuries were a time of great controversy for medieval scholars. New systems of thought were being developed and implemented that challenged the accepted teachings of the church. Some fought to preserve tradition, others fought to destroy it, while still others sought to find a common ground between the two. 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Research paper on “Breast Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)”

Research paper on â€Å"Breast Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)† Breast Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) This research proposaldiscussesmy area of interest, which is Breast Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), and how it is poised to become the next ‘gold standard’ in breast screening, by dethroning mammography, which currently occupies such an eminent status. At the same time the proposal also tries highlighting the importance of NOT using Breast MRI as a screening tool for women already having a history of breast cancer. In a layman’s language, â€Å"cancer is a group of diseases that develop on account of an uncontrolled growth of the body cells that spread into the body’s tissues. Breast cancer can start in the breast tissue, breast milk ducts or breast lobules(milk sacks), and can be both non-invasive, if the cancer cells stay in the ducts and lobules of the breast, andinvasive, if they spread into the surrounding tissue† (Australian Government, 2009).Some startling statistics shed light on the gravity of the ailment. â€Å"Breast cancer is the most common invasive cancer diagnosed in females in Australia with 12,567 cases diagnosed in 2007 itself and is also the leading cause of cancer-related deaths amongst females. Currently, everyday 36 women are diagnosed with breast cancer, and one in every nine women will be diagnosed with it by the age of 85 years. Further, â€Å"the number of women diagnosed with breast cancer in Australia increased from 5,289 in 1982 to 12,614 in 2006, and this number is reportedly expected to register a 22% increase by 2015 with an estimated 15,409 women anticipated to be diagnosed with it† (Australian Government, 2011).Despite the seriousness surrounding the situation, â€Å"early detection of the ailment can increase the likelihood of effective treatment and cure, though in reality the incidences of such timely detection are very small† (Australian Government, 2009). Some of the early screening and detection methods to reduce mortality rates include, â€Å"breast awareness by the woman herself with respect to changes in their look and feel, clinical breast examination of an asymptomatic woman (woman without breast changes) by a medical professional, screening mammography and breast MRI to detect the cancer at an early stage† (Australian Government, 2009). However, out of these screening mammography and breast MRI are the two most widely used methods, since â€Å"meta-analyses and controlled trials con ducted in Russia and China have shown no difference in the size or stage of breast cancers at diagnosis or in the number of deaths from breast cancers of women taught to use a systematic approach to breast self-examination by publicly organized health campaigns as compared to those who did not receive such training. Further, the applicability of these trials in Australia is questionable because of a low probability of finding a suitable control group that is not aware of breast self-examination, because more than 50% of breast cancers amongst Australian women are diagnosed after a breast change investigated by themselves or their doctors. Thus, though, it is evident that women can find breast changes due to early breast cancer, there is no evidence to conclude about the efficacy of one self-examination technique over another† (Australian Government, 2009). The title of my proposed research study would be, Breast MRI would become the next gold standard in breast screening and dethrone Mammography from this currently enjoyed eminent position. The main purpose and aim of this research study is to prove the superiority of Breast MRI as a screening and detection tool over Mammography and project it as the next wave in the world of oncology diagnosis and treatment by comparing the relative strengths and weaknesses of both the tools in the light of empirical medical research literature. Contemporary medical profession is debating the efficacy of both mammography breast MRI in reducing the mortality rates of breast cancer patients and trying to prove the potential of one over the other. â€Å"Population-based mammographic screening is the best early detection method available for reducing breast cancer deaths, as evident from its strongest benefits found amongst women aged 50-69 years, since at this age the breasts usually decrease in densit y, especially after menopause, thereby, increasing the effectiveness of mammograms, which is not possible in case of younger women due to high density of their breast tissue† (Australian Government, 2009).†Mammography makes use of ionizing radiation to image breast tissue. The examination is performed by compressing the breast firmly between a plastic plate and an x-ray cassette that contains a special x-ray film. The Mammography Quality Standards Act (MQSA) enacted by the Congress in 1982, mandates all facilities performing mammography to be U.S. FDA certified. Advocates of mammography confidently opine about its ability to detect the smallest of the breast cancers not palpated on physical examination and can even find ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), a non-invasive condition, as cited by numerous uncontrolled trials that have documented its potential to diagnose small, early-stage breast cancers, including those having a